# GCP - 使用 Github Actions 部署 React 到 Cloud Run 丟給 github actions 跑就對啦！ 利用 Github Actions 部署你的專案到 GCP Cloud Run 上吧！ [![1602243230.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602243230.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602243230.png) * [How to deploy your Cloud Run service using GitHub Actions](https://medium.com/google-cloud/how-to-deploy-your-cloud-run-service-using-github-actions-e5b6a6f597a3) 前言 -- 在 [GCP](https://console.cloud.google.com/?hl=zh-TW) 環境部署中，提供了網頁上 GUI 的操作、[Cloud SDK](https://cloud.google.com/sdk)， 此外你也可以使用 [Github Actions](https://github.com/features/actions) 將你的專案部署到 [Cloud Run](https://cloud.google.com/run?hl=zh-tw)。 本文將介紹如何使用 [GoogleCloudPlatform](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform) 開源的 [github actions](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/github-actions)，將專案部署到 [Cloud Run](https://cloud.google.com/run?hl=zh-tw)。   專案部分使用 [CRA](http://zh-hant.reactjs.org/docs/create-a-new-react-app.html) ( create-react-app ) 作為範例，並將 build 好的專案，搭配 nginx 伺服器。 最後，本篇電腦作業系統環境使用 macOS， 對於 Windows 的朋友抱歉了，但設定與操作大同小異！ 本篇文章專案範例放置於： [https://github.com/explooosion/react-gcp-deploy-example](https://github.com/explooosion/react-gcp-deploy-example) 若有時間，再針對 [GKE](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine?hl=zh-tw) ( Google Kubernetes Engine ) 部署方式撰寫文章。 本篇可能需要具備的微薄知識： 1. Google Cloud Platform 2. Github Actions 3. Cloud Run 4. React 5. Nginx 6. Docker 7. Terminal 8. Git 9. YAML 由於本篇屬於入門教學，因此設定上大多為預設值。 由於本篇屬於入門教學，內文會有些圖文並茂。 由於本篇屬於入門教學，上述知識略懂聽過即可。 * * * 流程說明 ---- 大致上工作流程 Workflow 如下： 1. 透過設定好的 github actions，會將專案建置成 docker image 2. 將 image 發佈到 [Container Registry](https://cloud.google.com/container-registry) 存放 3. 使用 [Container Registry](https://cloud.google.com/container-registry) 存放的 image 建立 Cloud Run 服務 * * * 目錄 -- 1. 安裝 gCloud CLI ( [Installing Google Cloud SDK](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install) ) 2. 建立 GCP 專案 ( [Creating Your Project](https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/nodejs/building-app/creating-project) ) 3. 建立服務帳戶 ( [Creating and managing service account keys](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/creating-managing-service-account-keys) ) 4. 建立 CRA 專案 ( [Create React App](https://zh-hant.reactjs.org/docs/create-a-new-react-app.html#create-react-app) ) 5. 建立 Github Actions ( [Workflow syntax for GitHub Actions](https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions) ) 6. 新增 Github Secrets ( [Encrypted secrets](https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/actions/reference/encrypted-secrets) ) 7. Push 專案 ＆ 檢視 Actions 8. 啟用 API 服務 ( [API Library](http://console.developers.google.com/apis/library) ) 9. 新增 Docker & 修改 yml 10. 查看 Container Register & Cloud Run * * * 1\. 安裝 gCloud CLI ( [Installing Google Cloud SDK](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install) ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 雖然本文操作建立大多使用友善的瀏覽器， 但安裝 CLI 有時也能幫助到我們進行操作，因此建議安裝。 請先安裝好 python，不再特別說明此步驟。 下載好 [google-cloud-sdk-313.0.1-darwin-x86\_64.tar.gz](https://dl.google.com/dl/cloudsdk/channels/rapid/downloads/google-cloud-sdk-313.0.1-darwin-x86_64.tar.gz) 並解壓縮後，以指令安裝。 ```bash ./google-cloud-sdk/install.sh ``` ```bash ./google-cloud-sdk/bin/gcloud init ``` 接著可能會跳出網頁要你登入、並且選擇你的專案。 或者下指令登入，再重新 gcloud init 取得專案資料， 可參考 [Initializing Cloud SDK](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/initializing)。 ```bash gcloud auth login ``` 你可以嘗試確認現在電腦已授權登入的 google 帳戶 ```bash gcloud auth list ``` 你可以嘗試確認電腦 gCloud 環境狀態 ```bash gcloud info ``` 後續會我們會讓 Github Actions 嘗試呼叫 gcloud info 2\. 建立 GCP 專案 ( [Creating Your Project](https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/nodejs/building-app/creating-project) ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 到 GCP 上，[建立](https://console.cloud.google.com/projectcreate?)你的專案，例如 my-project ( 筆者隨便決定的 )。 [![1602227410.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602227410.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602227410.png) 完成後到[首頁](https://console.cloud.google.com/home/dashboard)，可以看到你的專案資訊。 專案名稱、專案 ID、專案編號 後續會使用到，請務必留意。 [![1602227331.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602227331.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602227331.png) 3\. 建立服務帳戶 ( [Creating and managing service account keys](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/creating-managing-service-account-keys) ) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 由於我們使用 Github Actions 存取 GCP，自然也要有身份驗證。 到 IAM 與管理頁面 - 服務帳戶，點選 ＋建立服務帳戶 [![1602227810.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602227810.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602227810.png) 下方資料，看各位想怎麼填都可。 [![1602228715.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602228715.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602228715.png) 根據 [cloud build github-actions](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/github-actions/tree/master/example-workflows/cloud-build)，我們會用到的角色如下： * `Cloud Run Admin` - allows for the creation of new services * `Cloud Build Editor` - allows for deploying cloud builds * `Cloud Build Service Account` - allows for deploying cloud builds * `Viewer` - allows for viewing the project * `Service Account User` - required to deploy services to Cloud Build 因此請選擇以下的角色名稱： 此圖是後來筆者重新到 IAM 建立角色，故有些畫面不同。 [![1602241712.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602241712.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602241712.png) 如果你覺得很麻煩，權限設定部分可先給最大的擁有者。 [![1602228379.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602228379.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602228379.png) 完成後在右邊選擇建立金鑰。 ![1602228383.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602228383.png) 由於私密金鑰只能下載一次，務必保存好。 [![1602228354.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602228354.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602228354.png) 內容格式應該類似下方： 這份金鑰我們會用在 Github Actions 的 [Secrets](https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/rest/reference/actions#secrets) 中 ```json { "type": "service_account", "project_id": "project-id", "private_key_id": "key-id", "private_key": "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nprivate-key\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----\n", "client_email": "service-account-email", "client_id": "client-id", "auth_uri": "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth", "token_uri": "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token", "auth_provider_x509_cert_url": "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/certs", "client_x509_cert_url": "https://www.googleapis.com/robot/v1/metadata/x509/service-account-email" } ``` 4.  建立 CRA 專案 ( [Create React App](https://zh-hant.reactjs.org/docs/create-a-new-react-app.html#create-react-app) ) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 接著可以建立專案了： ```bash npx create-react-app my-app ``` 如果你會使用 Docker 部署環境，那麼你可以替換成你想部署的專案。 5\. 建立 Github Actions ( [Workflow syntax for GitHub Actions](https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions) ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 建立 workflow，專案參考 [setup-gcloud](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/github-actions/tree/master/setup-gcloud)。 \[ .github / workflows / main.yml \] ``` name: Build and Deploy to Cloud Run on: push: branches: - master jobs: setup-build-deploy: name: Setup, Build, and Deploy runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - name: Checkout uses: actions/checkout@v2 # Setup gcloud CLI - uses: GoogleCloudPlatform/github-actions/setup-gcloud@master with: version: '286.0.0' service_account_email: ${{ secrets.GCP_SA_EMAIL }} service_account_key: ${{ secrets.GCP_SA_KEY }} project_id: ${{ secrets.GCP_PROJECT_ID }} export_default_credentials: true # Print gcloud info - name: Info run: gcloud info ``` * 根據說明，checkout@v2 務必使用 v2  * secrets.GCP\_SA\_EMAIL：到時候要到 github 建立 secrets * secrets.GCP\_SA\_KEY：到時候要到 github 建立 secrets * secrets.GCP\_PROJECT\_ID：到時候要到 github 建立 secrets * run: gcloud info：執行命令 gcloud info 6\. 新增 Github Secrets ( [Encrypted secrets](https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/actions/reference/encrypted-secrets) ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 在 github 建立你的 repo，之後到 Settings 選擇 Secrets。 [![1602232722.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602232722.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602232722.png) 點選 New secret，根據前一步驟的 yml，我們會需要用到以下三個 secrets： 1. GCP\_PROJECT\_ID：一開始建立專案時給予的 id，你也可以從剛剛 金鑰 json 找到  2. GCP\_SA\_KEY：打開 金鑰 json ，將所有內容複製貼上 3. GCP\_SA\_EMAIL：打開 金鑰 json ，可以從 client\_email 找到，或者回到 IAM 的 [服務帳戶](https://console.cloud.google.com/iam-admin/serviceaccounts) 找到 命名方式自由選擇，記得 yml 要一樣就好。 你也可以把 金鑰.json 轉 base64 貼到 GCP\_SA\_KEY 儲存，指令： base64 -i key.json 完成如下： [![1602235704.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602235704.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602235704.png) 7\. Push 專案 ＆ 檢視 Actions ------------------------ 把你的專案 push 到 github，接著就可以看到 Actions 在執行囉！ [![1602240224.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602240224.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602240224.png) 展開 Run gcloud info，就可以看到指令的結果了！ [![1602240266.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602240266.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602240266.png) 8\. 啟用 API 服務 ( [API Library](http://console.developers.google.com/apis/library) ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 在這一步，我們將要把專案用 docker 建立成 image，並發佈到 [Container Registry](https://console.cloud.google.com/gcr/images)。 接著使用 [Container Registry](https://console.cloud.google.com/gcr/images) 的映像檔，為我們建立 [Cloud Run](https://cloud.google.com/run)。 以下 yml 利用 [gcloud builds submit](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/builds/submit)、[gcloud run deploy](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/run/deploy) 等指令操作。 由於我們尚未開通使用  [Container Registry](https://console.cloud.google.com/gcr/images) 服務， 請先到該頁面選擇啟用 Container Registry API。 [![1602235136.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602235136.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602235136.png) 以下為必啟用的 API，可到  [API 程式庫](https://console.developers.google.com/apis/library) 尋找並安裝： 由於我們要使用 gcloud build, gcloud run deploy 等指令，協助我們部署到 Cloud Run， 因此需要啟用 [Cloud Build API](https://console.developers.google.com/apis/library/cloudbuild.googleapis.com?q=Cloud%20Buil&id=9472915e-c82c-4bef-8a6a-34c81e5aebcc&project=compelling-art-292007&authuser=1) 和 [Cloud Run API](https://console.developers.google.com/apis/library/run.googleapis.com) 。 [![1602240934.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602240934.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602240934.png) [![1602241963.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602241963.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602241963.png) 以上有任何缺少的服務啟用，很可能會在 Github Actions 階段噴錯， 例如 Cloud Build API 沒啟用的錯誤： [![1602240995.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602240995.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602240995.png) 9\. 新增 Docker & 修改 yml ---------------------- 接著開始撰寫 Dockerfile 吧！ \[ **Dockerfile** \] 可根據自己的專案撰寫，此專案筆者將專案 build 後放置於 nginx html。 ``` FROM node:10 AS Builder ENV NPM_CONFIG_LOGLEVEL info RUN mkdir -p /usr/src/app WORKDIR /usr/src/app COPY . . ARG GENERATE_SOURCEMAP=false RUN yarn install && yarn build FROM nginx:1.13.3-alpine RUN rm -rf /usr/share/nginx/html/* COPY --from=Builder /usr/src/app/build /usr/share/nginx/html ``` \[ [.dockerignore](https://github.com/explooosion/react-gcp-deploy-example/blob/master/.dockerignore) \] 加入一點忽略規則。 ``` Dockerfile README.md node_modules npm-debug.log ``` \[ .github / workflows / main.yml \] ``` name: Build and Deploy to Cloud Run on: push: branches: - master env: PROJECT_ID: ${{ secrets.GCP_PROJECT_ID }} SERVICE_NAME: create-react-app RUN_REGION: us-central1 jobs: setup-build-deploy: name: Setup, Build, and Deploy runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - name: Checkout uses: actions/checkout@v2 # Setup gcloud CLI - uses: GoogleCloudPlatform/github-actions/setup-gcloud@master with: version: '286.0.0' service_account_email: ${{ secrets.GCP_SA_EMAIL }} service_account_key: ${{ secrets.GCP_SA_KEY }} project_id: ${{ secrets.GCP_PROJECT_ID }} export_default_credentials: true # Print gcloud info - name: Info run: gcloud info # Build and push image to Google Container Registry - name: Build run: |- gcloud builds submit \ --quiet \ --tag "gcr.io/$PROJECT_ID/$SERVICE_NAME:$GITHUB_SHA" # Deploy image to Cloud Run - name: Deploy run: |- gcloud run deploy "$SERVICE_NAME" \ --quiet \ --region "$RUN_REGION" \ --image "gcr.io/$PROJECT_ID/$SERVICE_NAME:$GITHUB_SHA" \ --platform "managed" \ --port 80 \ --allow-unauthenticated ``` * env 的參數是要給後面 gcloud 指令使用 * PROJECT\_ID：是你原專案名稱，使用 secret 的 ${{ secrets.GCP\_PROJECT\_ID }} 即可 * SERVICE\_NAME：是你 image 在 container register 的名稱 * gcr.io 是 container register 的網址，我們發佈的映像檔網域 接著就可以 git push，看看跑完的結果吧～  10.  查看 Container Register & Cloud Run -------------------------------------- 當 github action 順利建置好並發佈 image 後， 就能看到 image 在列表中了，並且是以私人的方式發佈！ [![1602242218.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602242218.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602242218.png) 當 github actions 完全跑完後，就可以查看服務。 [![1602242291.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602242291.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602242291.png) 點進去查看，可以看到網址，那就是你的服務公開網址囉！ [![1602242352.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602242352.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602242352.png) 看！他在動！ [![1602242737.png](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/explooosion/blogs/refs/heads/main/docs/images/2020-10-09_GCP%20-%20%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%20Github%20Actions%20%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%20React%20%E5%88%B0%20Cloud%20Run/1602242737.png)](https://dotblogsfile.blob.core.windows.net/user/robby/be9c89cd-fdf5-4f93-a363-601ab3b16219/1602242737.png) 本篇文章專案範例放置於： [https://github.com/explooosion/react-gcp-deploy-example](https://github.com/explooosion/react-gcp-deploy-example) REF --- * [Google Cloud Doc](https://cloud.google.com/docs) * [GoogleCloudPlatform/github-actions](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/github-actions) 有勘誤之處，不吝指教。ob'\_'ov